Salinity groundwater in eastern province saudi arabia Term Paper

Salinity groundwater in eastern province saudi arabia - Term Paper Example As such, the country suffers from the consequent desert effects, which include lack of enough clean water since there are no perennial rivers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia depends on surface water resources which include the annual rainfall of about 300mm that occurs between October and March in southeast Saudi Arabia (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009). Moreover, other parts in Saudi Arabia depend on groundwater especially in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Just like in any other part of the world, water quality is very fundamental for the development of civilization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Indeed water quality helps in establishing a database for planning future water resources development strategies in the country. Notably, the central and eastern region in Saudi Arabia depends on groundwater for domestic and industrial purposes. Geologists and other environmental experts confirmed that six major consolidated sedimentary old-age aquifers called the Arabian Shelf are the main sources of groundwater in Saudi Arabia (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009). Depending on the geochemistry of the underlying aquifer, the groundwater from the Arabian Shelf contains dissolved salts and other components that contaminate the available water in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Various factors define the quality and contamination levels of groundwater. Such factors include the irregular recharge in arid regions (Sharaf, 2012). Such variations occur in different times and in different places including the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Most assuredly, the chemical and physical components in the groundwater may be in significant levels that lead to adverse health and environmental effects. In the Arabian Shelf, such constituents are in excess of their permissible limits that promotes health hazards and environmental problems (Al-Zarah, 2007). This

The attitudes and behaviour of the parents Essay Example for Free

The attitudes and behaviour of the parents Essay An Assignment showing appreciation of social and Historical Influences,  and Cultural Contexts  The Attitudes and Behaviour of the parents (and parental figures) in Romeo and  Juliet were normal in their time but may be considered unacceptable today.  Discuss. To what degree are they responsible for the eventual tragedy? Romeo and Juliet tells the tragic story of two star-crossed lovers and the circumstances under which the meet their death. The play expresses strong ideas of life and the responsibilities and roles we take on as it progresses. One of the roles and influential themes of the play undertaken by both Lord and Lady Capulet, and Lord and Lady Montague is parenthood. Although they are Romeo and Juliets biological parents, there is also the nurse, surrogate mother to Juliet, and Friar Lawrence, surrogate father and confident to both Romeo and Juliet. Where as modern parents take part in all aspects of a childs upbringing and welfare, to a degree, parents of the 16th century hired nurses to care for their children. With this absence of interaction between parents and children from a young age, it is not surprising Lady Capulet felt uncomfortable talking to Juliet in Act1 Scene3, to the extent she even had to call the nurse back in the room after asking her to leave. This is the matter. Nurse, leave us awhile,  We must talk in secret. Nurse, come back again;  This lack of emotional connection between mother and daughter is also apparent in the way Juliet addresses her mother.  Madam, I am here, what is your will?  This suggests they do not have the balanced relationship we have come to expect today, in which each party has an even say depending on the circumstances regardless of age. However at the time of Romeo and Juliet, dominant Parental and Fatherly, in particular, figures were not uncommon, although have virtually disappeared now. Time has altered the role of the father, he now has one primal objective, to provide for his family. A womans role in the family has also changed. Noble women of the 16th century were in a vulnerable position, without a man they held little or no power. They were uneducated intellectual matters and those of a servant woman, such as cooking and cleaning.  Lord Capulet exhibits a prime example of fatherly dominance in his rage, when Juliet refuses to marry Count Paris, treating Juliet as an object to increase his status;  And you be mine, Ill give you to my friend. Throughout the play we see Lord Capulet change his feelings towards his daughter. When Juliet refuses to marry Count Paris a great rage erupts inside Lord Capulet. In his anger he displays a side of himself that today would cause outrage. He insults and wounds Juliet emotionally with insults such as;  Hang thee young baggage, disobedient wretch,  This shows Lord Capulets disregard for Juliets feelings as if they were a burden. He also talks o Juliet as a curse;  And that we have a curse having her. However, initially Lord Capulet shows compassion towards Juliet, reluctant at first to marry her off to Count Paris.  But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart,  This is natural protective behaviour, and is perfectly acceptable in todays society. With this he introduced the quite modern concept of bridal choice and consent;  My will to her consent is but a part;  And she agreed, within her scope of choice  Lies my consent and fair according voice.

Comparing Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Pauls

Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Paul's Case      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bond between a parent and a child is one of the strongest things on this earth. The relationships between father and son in the novel The Chosen by Chaim Potok, the poem "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and the short story "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show this strong bond. In all three genres father and son are the most prominent characters. All have the absence or near absence of mother figures. They also all show how important a father is to his son. The Chosen by Chaim Potok, "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show the importance of father-son relationships through the fathers' involvement in their sons' lives, the fathers teaching their sons life skills, and the fathers' immense love for their sons.    The fathers in The Chosen, "The Gift," and "Paul's Case" all show involvement in their sons' lives through the care that they give them and the help they give them. In The Chosen, David Malter showed a great amount of care for his son Reuven. When Reuven was in the hospital, David often would come to visit him to see if he was all right. He was also always kind and understanding towards Reuven, even if Reuven did something he didn't approve of. Potok writes, "He looked at me and I saw his eyes were suddenly sad. 'I did not intend to scold you,' he said"(Potok 64). In "The Gift," the speaker's father also showed care towards the speaker in the removing of the splinter. The father did it in such a way as to give the child no pain. The speaker says, "To pull the metal splinter from my palm / my father recited a story in a low voice / I watched his lovely face and not the blade / before the ... ... and their love for their sons, no matter what kind of love it may be. The father-son relationship is enhanced in these works by the absence of mothers, who had either passed on or were not very essential to the plot of the work. Through these works, the importance of a father-son relationship can truly be shown.    Works Cited    Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. 7th ed. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Ft.   Worth: Harcourt, 1998. 154-169. Potok, Chaim. The Chosen. Ballantine Books. New York City, New York. 1967.    Works Consulted:   Chang, Juliana. "Reading Asian American Poetry." MELUS 21.1 (Spring 1996): 81-98    Lee, Li-Young. Rose. New York: BOA, 1986. -----. The City in Which I Love You. New York: BOA, 1990. -----. The Winged Seed: A Remembrance. New York: Simon, 1995.    Comparing Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Paul's Father-Son Relationships in The Chosen, The Gift, and Paul's Case      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bond between a parent and a child is one of the strongest things on this earth. The relationships between father and son in the novel The Chosen by Chaim Potok, the poem "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and the short story "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show this strong bond. In all three genres father and son are the most prominent characters. All have the absence or near absence of mother figures. They also all show how important a father is to his son. The Chosen by Chaim Potok, "The Gift" by Li-Young Lee, and "Paul's Case" by Willa Cather all show the importance of father-son relationships through the fathers' involvement in their sons' lives, the fathers teaching their sons life skills, and the fathers' immense love for their sons.    The fathers in The Chosen, "The Gift," and "Paul's Case" all show involvement in their sons' lives through the care that they give them and the help they give them. In The Chosen, David Malter showed a great amount of care for his son Reuven. When Reuven was in the hospital, David often would come to visit him to see if he was all right. He was also always kind and understanding towards Reuven, even if Reuven did something he didn't approve of. Potok writes, "He looked at me and I saw his eyes were suddenly sad. 'I did not intend to scold you,' he said"(Potok 64). In "The Gift," the speaker's father also showed care towards the speaker in the removing of the splinter. The father did it in such a way as to give the child no pain. The speaker says, "To pull the metal splinter from my palm / my father recited a story in a low voice / I watched his lovely face and not the blade / before the ... ... and their love for their sons, no matter what kind of love it may be. The father-son relationship is enhanced in these works by the absence of mothers, who had either passed on or were not very essential to the plot of the work. Through these works, the importance of a father-son relationship can truly be shown.    Works Cited    Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. 7th ed. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Ft.   Worth: Harcourt, 1998. 154-169. Potok, Chaim. The Chosen. Ballantine Books. New York City, New York. 1967.    Works Consulted:   Chang, Juliana. "Reading Asian American Poetry." MELUS 21.1 (Spring 1996): 81-98    Lee, Li-Young. Rose. New York: BOA, 1986. -----. The City in Which I Love You. New York: BOA, 1990. -----. The Winged Seed: A Remembrance. New York: Simon, 1995.   

International Trade Essay -- Economics essays research papers

International Trade What is International Trade?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries in the exchange of goods and services. In order to understand International trade, we need to first know and understand what trade is, which is the buying and selling of products between different countries. International Trade simply is globalization of the world and enables countries to obtain products and services from other countries effortlessly and expediently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International trade has been in existence throughout history and has an economic impact on the participating countries. Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and helps to boost the countries overall economy on a yearly basis. International Trade for the United States is available to all business and companies and is flourishing, even though as a country we import more goods than we export, which affects our country’s economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the central body of the multilateral trading system-based in Geneva. The WTO primary job is to oversee the functioning and administration of trade agreements, including dispute settlements and serves as a forum for future trade negations and law makings. The WTO review legal matters and disputes and is the reviewing body or â€Å"watchdog† over international trade. The WTO agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property and set procedures and the govern...

Marketing educational organizations

The basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993). Amidon (2002), in her recent work entitled The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage states that the rapid shift in orientation over the past 50 years from data to information to knowledge is a profound and fundamental change that highlights the importance of individual and collective knowledge in the new economy.   The rapid changes that have taken place in this new era have created a â€Å"new economy† that presents new challenges and problems. There are now new markets that are available and the traditional mindsets or practices that have been utilized by institutions and foundations in the past may even be no longer applicable to the current scenario.   This short discourse seeks to explain how these changes have created an impact in the â€Å"new economy† by highlighting the influence that these changes have made to modern education administration theory in relation to the emerging contemporary marketing perspectives. As previously mentioned, the basic resource of society is (will be) knowledge and value is to be created by productivity and innovation (Drucker 1993).   While this may not necessarily be a new concept, it certainly creates an added dimension in this discussion as it leads to three (3) implications. The first being that educational institutions are no longer immune or removed from the â€Å"new economy†, as was previously thought; the second implication being that education presently being looked upon to provide answers or solutions to the challenges of preparing people for this new environment or â€Å"new economy† and the third being that educational institutions need to face radical organizational change issues in order to be aligned with the â€Å"new economy† consumer and the operating requirements demanded by the â€Å"new economy†. In order to properly understand or comprehend the impact of these changes it is first essential to delve into a brief discussion of what marketing really means and how it is currently being understood in the context of the present day discussions regarding this issue.   â€Å"Marketing, according to Kotler (1994, p. 6), â€Å"is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they most need and want through creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with others†. As key to achieving organizational goals, marketing focuses on satisfying customers and meeting their needs and is central to any organizational improvement.   This aspect of marketing is what makes it essential to the concept of the â€Å"new economy† in that marketing determines the success of organizations existing and operating within the bounds of the â€Å"new economy.† Since the marketing has constantly evolved evolving from a concept with the purpose of convincing consumers that they should buy what is offered, to a conceptual base that suggest that the product or service be customized to meet and satisfy what consumers want, its applicability to modern education administration now becomes clear. There is no question that with the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† there has been a shift towards education being a basic resource of society (Drucker 1993).   What is questionable however is the extent that this shift is relevant to contemporary marketing perspectives.   The answer to this question lies in the relevance that education has in the application of contemporary marketing perspectives. As an ongoing conceptual evolution in practice, marketing in education is the key to gaining a competitive advantage over the other players in the field.   While this relevance may substantially vary from one educational institution to another, there are some elements of marketing that have always (arguably) existed in educational institutions. As Amidon highlights, this is now the essential ingredient for economic prosperity (Amidon 2002).   The reason for this is because of the impact that education has on contemporary marketing perspectives.   In this highly competitive â€Å"new economy†, for any player to survive and to prosper, it must be able to sustain its advantage over the other players.   This can only be achieved by employing an effective strategy aimed at developing the current advantages and addressing the needs as posed by the current disadvantages which the organization is faced with.   An effective strategy however necessarily entails initiating an analysis of the total operating environment (Porter 1996). There are those however who are highly critical of the idea of applying contemporary marketing perspectives to modern education administration theory, citing that there is no need to apply such perspectives because of the fact that educational institutions are beyond the realm of these perspectives and are hence inapplicable to the current scenario.   But as shown in the earlier discussion, the emergence of the â€Å"new economy† has indeed prompted the examination of traditional views and practices and necessitated the application of new theories such as contemporary marketing perspectives. The resistance to such application also springs from the fact that most of these educational institutions are too focused on the perceived failure or threats from the application of such theories that they, in essence, become too hesitant to institute or implement such changes (Kotler 1985).   The tendency of institutions to embrace these perspectives only when they are confronted with problems that they cannot deal with at a time when the application of these perspectives may become too late is the real problem.   Institutions, according to Kotler, must learn to realize and understand that the analysis of opportunities is more important than focusing on the perceived threats and dangers that come from its utilization in such a scenario (p 75). Marketing of education has been approached mainly from the operational level as tools for student recruitment and income generation. Responsible marketing in education, as called for by its terms of reference, is concerned with how to effectively bring students into contact with programs that are both beneficial and rewarding from the broadest sense of personal as well as societal fulfillment (Liu 1998). Most, if not all, of the current individual educational institutions are at any of the three (3) stages in terms of their understanding and application of marketing to modern education administration.   While it has been argued that in the current scenario marketing is only at the early stages of development in most educational institutions, typically at stage 1 or stage 2 of this continuum, there promises to be more growth and development in this field because of the relevance that it has as discussed in the previous segments of this discourse.   Marketing, therefore, as a selling or product based concept can be applied to modern education administration. The application of marketing perspectives to educational theories is possible in many different aspects.   One of these aspects is in recruitment, which is analogous to the earlier theory of coming up with a strategy.   In this aspect, marketing can play a very important role as it will effectively make the educational institution stand out and become more recognizable.   When products become increasingly similar, companies need to segregate themselves from the rest of the players to create a preference for their offerings. This is similar to the current scenario which exists in the education sector wherein most schools provide the same basic services and information as others.   By employing marketing strategies, such as branding, these educational institutions are able to distinguish themselves from the other players in the field by promising that the company's offering will create and deliver a certain level of performance, and in this case that the education offered will be exactly what the target market needs in order to succeed (Kotler 1994). The concept of branding is also applicable to a stage one (1) or stage two (2) marketing approach which essentially is limited to recruitment.   The ability of branding to increase recruitment is only one aspect as branding has also been shown to increase retention and referral.   This however exposes a fundamental difference between the various approaches to marketing education. A stage three (3) marketing approach incorporates a focus on what can be termed the 3Rs: †¢ recruitment – student (and parent) †¢ retention – student (and parent) †¢ referral – student (and parent).   The successful implementation of these strategies however clearly creates for opportunities for any educational institution than it does threats and therefore strengthens the position that there indeed is an advantage that contemporary marketing perspectives can bring to the field of modern education administration. In conclusion, the dawning of the â€Å"new economy’ which emphasizes the primacy of knowledge and education also brings about new challenges and opportunities for the field of education administration.   In order to capitalize on this whoever education institutions need to recognize the fact that there are indeed more benefits to be gained from employing these perspectives and should instead consider marketing and strategy concepts that allow for sophisticated planning, implementation and monitoring procedures to anticipate and meet customer needs and enhance satisfaction in line with the current development in marketing theories. References: Amidon, DM (2002) The innovation superhighway: harnessing intellectual capital for collaborative advantage, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA Drucker, Peter (1993) Post capitalist society, Butterworth Heinemann, UK Kotler, Philip (1994) Marketing management, Prentice-Hall International, USA. Liu, Sandra (1998) Integrating Strategic Marketing on an Institutional Level Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Journal of Marketing for HIGHER EDUCATION

Road Accident Essays

Road Accident Essays Road Accident Essay Road Accident Essay police reported and unreported injury, and damage-only accidents) need to be considered. Reported RTAs can be only an underestimate of the actual total that occurs each year. While underreporting exists in all countries, the severity indices found in developing countries indicate a much more serious problem xists in the developing world. Road accident costing offers an opportunity to overcome underreporting as hospital surveys often identify casualty totals much higher than police RTA figures (for example, in the PRC, Ministry of Health statistics show 111,000 road accident deaths whereas official police statistics for the same year [1994] show 66,362 road accident deaths). Similarly, with so few vehicles insured in developing countries, insurance company People needing medical care. Cost of police and fire personnel responding to accidents. Loss of productive work time to those involved. Loss of productive work time for friends to attend funerals Cost to clean up the road and replace damaged sections, signs, and guardrails. accident claims may represent only a fraction of the total vehicle damage costs incurred in the country. By identifying the total impact of road accidents, road accident costing reveals the true extent of the problem in both the human casualty toll and also in economic terms. Road accidents pose a serious drain on scarce financial resources and medical services. RTA victims mainly belong to the most productive age range and have often just begun to pay back their debts to society.

Rositas Day of the Dead essays

Rositas Day of the Dead essays This was an entertaining performance; it sent a real message under the guise of a humorous diversion from reality into the perceived (or believed?) world of the previously living, otherwise known as calacas, or the bony ones. The main character Rosita is originally from Mexico; she has since moved far from her birthplace and her family, not as far geographically, but certainly worlds away emotionally. As the story opens, we hear a calaca say levantase! We then see calacas coming from every direction into Rositas kitchen; lively music plays as they seem to discover that they can touch solid objects without passing through them. Some carry suitcases; one sits down and drinks a cup of coffee, another seems fascinated with a sugar dispenser. As sunlight comes, they quickly scurry away, out of sight. Now, as at other times, one is a little slower than the others and narrowly escapes discovery. We get a taste of Rositas sassy side when she greets the customer from Clovis, who becomes part of the audience, thus signifying, in my view, that the character is not as significant as the reason why she is there (Was this really an actor, or merely a patron of the theatre, tapped to be our customer because of the seat she chose?): Rosita tells her story to the customer, the story of her day of the dead. Of course, the story would not be complete without snippets of background, which she provides to the customer, and thus, to the audience. Marisabel, Rositas granddaughter, bounds in with the revelation that she has spoken to her dead grandmother; Rosita doesnt really seem to believe her until Marisabel speaks her grandmothers name. It is then that the series of strange happenings is revealed to us: the nail shop, the travel agency, the produce delivery person, and the trip to the afterlife Mictlan. ...

Greek Eros and Philia Love Magic

Greek Eros and Philia Love Magic Classical scholar Christopher Faraone writes about love among the ancient Greeks. He looks at evidence from erotic charms, spells. and potions to form a mixed picture of what relations between the sexes were really like. In this article, we use Farones information to explain the common uses of love magic between ancient Greek men and women. But first, a small digression to introduce terms used for love: Brotherly Love; Gods Love; Romantic love; Parents Love The following online discussion argues that the reason English speakers are confused about love is that we dont have enough words for it. Writer A:I recently read: Sanskrit has ninety-six words for love; ancient Persian has eighty; Greek three; and English only one.The author thought it was symbolic of the devaluation of the feeling function in the West. Writer B:Interesting, but I think English speakers do know the 96 forms of love - they just jam it into one word! The Greek words were eros, agape, and philia, right? See, we all use those definitions, but in the same word. Eros is a romantic, sexual hormone-raging love. Agape is a deep, connecting, brotherly love. Philia is a...hmm...I think necrophilia and pedophilia explain it.That is why we are all confused over what love is, since we have dozens of definitions for it! Agape and Philia vs. Eros We native speakers of English distinguish between lust and love but tend to get confused when we look at the Greek distinction between: eros andagape orphilia Affection as Love While it is easy to understand agape as the love one feels towards friends, family, and animals, we think of the mutual affection we feel towards our mates as different. Affection and Passion The agape (or philia) of the Greeks included affection, and also the sexual passion felt towards our mates, according to the University of Chicagos Christopher A. Faraone. Eros, however, was new, disorienting passion, conceived of as an attack of unwelcome lust, aptly represented as inflicted by the arrow-wielding god of love. Black and White Love Magic When we talk about black magic, we mean spells or voodoo practices designed to hurt someone else; by white, we mean spells or charms whose aim is to heal or help, often connected with medicinal herbs and other holistic or non-traditional healing practices. From our perspective, the ancient Greeks used black and white magic to arm themselves in the arena of love. Black magic: There were magical effigies much like those used today by practitioners of voodoo. The practitioner of this aggressive magic would cast an incantation and poke or burn the effigy in an effort to affect the person represented. The intention was to make the woman represented suffer the pangs of lust to the point that she would leave her family. The practitioner might invoke Eros, Pan, Hekate, or Aphrodite.White magic: Practitioners applied herbs to make an errant lover return or to restore harmony to a dysfunctional relationship. She might invoke Selene, Helios, or Aphrodite. Both types of love magic usually involved spells or incantations, but the type were referring to as black is more closely related to curse tablets than the other, more benign, love magic. The difference between these two types of magic is based on the difference between the two types of love, eros and philia. Gender-Based Love Magics Faraone distinguishes these two types of love, eros and philia, and their related magics as overwhelmingly gender-based. Men used the eros-based agoge spells [agolead] designed to lead women to them; women, the philia spells. Men used the spells to make women burn with passion. Women used the spells as aphrodisiacs. Men tied up their effigies and tortured them. They used incantations, tortured animals, burning, and apples. Women spread ointments on the clothing of their mates or sprinkled herbs in food. They also used incantations, knotted cords, and love potions. Theocritus Iunx The gender division isnt absolute. The iunx is said to have been a small, sexually rapacious bird which Greek men would tie on a wheel and then torture, in the hopes of filling the objects of their lust with burning, irresistible passion. In Theocritus second Idyll, its not a man, but a woman who uses an iunx as a magical object for an agoge spell. She repeatedly chants: Iunx, bring my man home. Mythology and Modern Love Magic in Pill Form While the agoge spells, the ones men usually used on women, resemble voodoo and seem like what we call black magic, the philia spells could also be deadly. As is the nature of many herbs, you only need a little. When the mythological Deianeira used the centaurs ointment on Hercules garment, it was as a philia spell, to keep Heracles from abandoning her for his new love, Iole (cf Women of Trachis). Although we do not know, perhaps a drop would not have killed him; however, the amount Deianeira used proved fatal. The ancient Greeks did not distinguish magic from medicine, as we claim to do. The need for erotic (whether agoge or philia) magic has long extended into domestic life where the wife of an impotent man (or the man himself) might invoke a bit of philia magic. Viagras popularity attests to the fact that we still practice magic miracle cures. Source Faraone, Christopher A., Ancient Greek Love Magic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Reflection on Personal Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection on Personal Writing Skills - Essay Example Writing a coherent and informative essay, as I have learned requires accurate and comprehensive planning. I have therefore learned that note making makes it easier to align ideas and hence plan an essay in a way that the points will flow to bring out a coherent piece of writing. Originally, my note making skills were rather weak. I made mistakes in the beginning and could not create a comprehensible essay even when I had made notes. Writing, therefore, seems to me to be an art that can only be mastered through practice. When it comes to writing, I recall that at first, I had a problem developing anything from the notes and points that I had written down. This was originally due to numerous grammatical and lexical mistakes that made my writing rather incomprehensible. The first assignment comprised many of these mistakes and using the feedback obtained from the tutor, I was able to improve on this and make my writing better. In my second assignment, the tutor apparently recognized my improved writing skills and positively commented on that. I was happy to realize that my efforts were recognized. I later conferred with a few of my friends and realized that I could also get some positive feedback from them. For instance, from one of them, I learned how to arrange ideas into a coherent piece that was better than my previous papers. What mattered to me during all this time was that I was improving my writing skills and was getting more confident with myself every time.

Discuess the statement about the pricing, valuation and sensitivities Essay

Discuess the statement about the pricing, valuation and sensitivities of Credit default Swaps Spreads by presenting a critical r - Essay Example Secondly, it presents a review of sensitivities and spillover effects on CDS spreads from bond, equity and options markets. Under this, the market that has the greatest influence is identified after considering statistical evidence from various sources. Finally, the report reviews credit default swaps in the context of monitoring sovereign risks in both developed and emerging market economies. This seeks to demonstrate how credit default spreads behave in tranquil and volatile market environments. In addition, the importance of CDS market development in emerging economies is also highlighted in this report. 2.0 Background Credit default spreads (CDS) are recent innovation in the management of credit risks. They have gained popularity in the management of both single name and sovereign debt risks. The market is valued based on information from related underlying equity, bond and their options markets. However, various challenges have been experienced when dealing with CDS markets. The se challenges include pricing of CDS spreads, lack of exchanges for trading credit derivatives, manipulation of accounting information, among others. Pricing of the CDS spreads is not an easy task. Though various models have been put forward by many researchers, there is no universally accepted method of computing the price of CDS. Another challenge is the lack of exchanges for trading credit derivatives. CDS quotes are therefore obtained over the counter (OTC) and may not be reliable for estimating the CDS spreads. Spillover effects from the bond, equity, and options markets also affect the CDS spreads. The extent to which these markets impacts on the CDS spreads is not clearly known despite the various statistical methods posted by different researchers. Some suggested that equity markets have the greatest spillover effects on the CDS spreads while others argued that options market are the major contributors. Credit default swaps have been fully taken up in the developed economies while the emerging economies are still struggling to catch up. The way in which CDS behaves in tranquil and volatile market environments has sparked serious research. Many questions concerning CDS markets and their importance in the emerging economies have been raised by various researchers. How are sovereign risks managed by these economies? The application CDS in managing risks is a new innovation that requires further research. 3.0 Credit Default Swaps 3.1 Determination of the price of a single name CDS security. Many approaches of determining CDS spreads have been put forward by various researchers. One commonly used approach for pricing a derivative is by finding a portfolio of assets whose returns matches that of the derivative replicated. Duffie & Singleton (2003) and Lando (2004) suggested such portfolios in their research. This strategy may not work in a situation where similar replicating instruments needed for replicating the portfolio are not issued by the issuer whose CDS’s are being replicated. In addition, what happens to the replicating portfolio when the CDS contract ends after a credit event? Another approach of pricing CDS spreads is to determine the value of spread which equates the net present value of the expected value of the coupon to the net present value of the expected value of the payoff. Hull & White (2001) used this approach to formally derive the pricing formula. They assumed that interest rates, recovery rates and default

Case study(BMW Films) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case study(BMW Films) - Essay Example BMW is very clear in fulfilling its consumer’s needs and expectations; therefore they installed the features the target audience demanded from their luxury cars. As said by McDowell the vice president for marketing of BMW, company has lots of products to offer and it yet possesses a very small market share; therefore they need to have a strong influential and creative marketing plan to advertise its campaign and maintain its share. Because of its wild unconventional and creative advertising campaigns the company has survived tough times. Through the introduction of new concepts in advertisements, BMW films have managed to maintain its market share successfully in business. Sales increased rapidly which encouraged the company to invest in this department. Market is very narrowly segmented for the luxury cars business. According to BMW’s marketing head BMW is master at understanding the psychographic demands of its consumers. The target audience of BMW is around 46 years old with an income around $150,000, majority males. These are people who eye for perfection and are willing to pay for the best. They enjoy the attitude that the car enriches their personalities with which makes them loyal to its products. They focus in serving their consumers only with specific demands and to approach them. It is important to have a proper consumer segmentation model because different consumers have different needs and expectations. The company have its primary focus on fulfiling the demands of the existing customers and further on creating awareness to expand the range of consumers. Because if the luxury products it offer there is a specific niche market who can only afford it therefore all the strategies are implemented keeping them in mind. (Durker) Peter Drucker believes that there are two basic function of a business; marketing and innovation. BMW have keenly followed the innovation path to make successful marketing plan. There are three parts of being

Strategic Brand Management REPORT on Dove in the UK Essay

Strategic Brand Management REPORT on Dove in the UK - Essay Example The Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) framework has been intended to assist management during the process of brand-building. According to this model, building strong brands entails four steps, including: (1) ascertaining the proper brand identity, in terms of depth and breadth brand awareness, (2) crafting suitable brand meaning through unique, favorable, and strong brand associations, (3) obtaining positive and accessible brand reactions, and (4) fashioning brand relationships with clients which are characterized by passionate and active loyalty. Achieving the four steps, further involves the establishment of six brand-structuring blocks— brand salience, imagery, judgments, feelings, and resonance. The CBBE model offers a yardstick through which brands can evaluate their progress in their brand-crafting efforts plus acting as a steer for marketing research programs. This report seeks to expound the concept of strategic brand management with special reference to the personal nurturing brand â€Å"Dove† and the â€Å"Real Beauty Campaign† (Keller 2007). Corporate entity Dove is owned by a conglomerate company known as Unilever – one of the world’s largest corporations dealing with FMCG. ... The most well-known brands in terms of earnings include thirteen â‚ ¬1billion brands: Knorr, Axe/Lynx, Becel/ Flora, Lipton, Hellmann's, Omo, Lux, Surf, Dove, Blue Sunsilk, Band/Rama, Rexona as well as Heartbrand ice creams (Jakobsen 2010). The brands are marketed under the corporation vision of bringing vitality to peoples’ lives. Unilever aims at improving the lives of people in a sustainable manner by investing in worldwide community initiatives including, carbon dioxide gas reduction, lessening water pollution, and promoting sustainable practices throughout Unilever’s supply chain. In regard to this, Unilever spend about â‚ ¬91 million on society projects globally in the year 2008. The company also boasts of approximately 270 manufacturing plants across the six continents in the world. All these strive to register better performance with regards to issues of safety, efficiency, quality as well as environmental impacts (Simon 2000, pp. 79). Dove and the Campaig n for Real Beauty This report focuses on the Dove brand and the Real Beauty campaign which was at first unveiled in 2004 and still subsists today. Even though the Dove brand has been present in the market since 1950s, it was not until the already mentioned campaign got launched that the brand achieved a strong standing in the minds of customers (Aaker & Keller 1990). The study for the campaign was founded upon quantitative data that had been collected from a global survey of about 3,200 women picked from ten countries including: Argentina, Canada, Brazil, France, Japan, Italy, Netherlands, the UK, Portugal, and the US. The findings validated Dove’s hypothesis which stated that the definition of the term beauty was both limiting and unattainable, by putting more

If Only Film Analysis Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

If Only Film Analysis - Movie Review Example Samantha portrays literal non-listening when Ian tells her that he loves her. Shesimplysayssheloves him too while also stressing to the fact that it is raining and thus missing out on the point that Ian tries to put forward. In the scene, Ian wants to confess his love for Samantha including the history of his love and how much she meant to him, but her nonlistening made her miss the point. In the film, the method used to manage the Ian and Samantha conflict is Collaboration. Sam and Ian are in a conflict when Ian blows away a student of Samantha and their relationship almost boils over. Upon realizing his mistake, Ian follows Sam (who runs away crying) begging for forgiveness. The method is very effective as Sam sees clearly that Ian’s apology is from the heart.The dynamics of self-disclosure is clear when the couple undergoes the integration stage. When having drinks, Ian reveals a secret that Sam was never going to know from anyone but Ian. Ian reveals that his father died n ine years ago from the then-present day from alcoholism as a result of losing his beloved job. Sam replies by telling him that he was too young to save his father and wherever his father was, he was proud of him. The only type/level of relational de-escalation shown in the movie is differentiating and circumscribing. Ian and Samantha are involved in a conflict when Ian blows of a student of Samantha. After explaining her frustration, Samantha gets furious and leaves crying and furious but Ian.

Strategic Brand Management REPORT on Dove in the UK Essay

Strategic Brand Management REPORT on Dove in the UK - Essay Example The Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) framework has been intended to assist management during the process of brand-building. According to this model, building strong brands entails four steps, including: (1) ascertaining the proper brand identity, in terms of depth and breadth brand awareness, (2) crafting suitable brand meaning through unique, favorable, and strong brand associations, (3) obtaining positive and accessible brand reactions, and (4) fashioning brand relationships with clients which are characterized by passionate and active loyalty. Achieving the four steps, further involves the establishment of six brand-structuring blocks— brand salience, imagery, judgments, feelings, and resonance. The CBBE model offers a yardstick through which brands can evaluate their progress in their brand-crafting efforts plus acting as a steer for marketing research programs. This report seeks to expound the concept of strategic brand management with special reference to the personal nurturing brand â€Å"Dove† and the â€Å"Real Beauty Campaign† (Keller 2007). Corporate entity Dove is owned by a conglomerate company known as Unilever – one of the world’s largest corporations dealing with FMCG. ... The most well-known brands in terms of earnings include thirteen â‚ ¬1billion brands: Knorr, Axe/Lynx, Becel/ Flora, Lipton, Hellmann's, Omo, Lux, Surf, Dove, Blue Sunsilk, Band/Rama, Rexona as well as Heartbrand ice creams (Jakobsen 2010). The brands are marketed under the corporation vision of bringing vitality to peoples’ lives. Unilever aims at improving the lives of people in a sustainable manner by investing in worldwide community initiatives including, carbon dioxide gas reduction, lessening water pollution, and promoting sustainable practices throughout Unilever’s supply chain. In regard to this, Unilever spend about â‚ ¬91 million on society projects globally in the year 2008. The company also boasts of approximately 270 manufacturing plants across the six continents in the world. All these strive to register better performance with regards to issues of safety, efficiency, quality as well as environmental impacts (Simon 2000, pp. 79). Dove and the Campaig n for Real Beauty This report focuses on the Dove brand and the Real Beauty campaign which was at first unveiled in 2004 and still subsists today. Even though the Dove brand has been present in the market since 1950s, it was not until the already mentioned campaign got launched that the brand achieved a strong standing in the minds of customers (Aaker & Keller 1990). The study for the campaign was founded upon quantitative data that had been collected from a global survey of about 3,200 women picked from ten countries including: Argentina, Canada, Brazil, France, Japan, Italy, Netherlands, the UK, Portugal, and the US. The findings validated Dove’s hypothesis which stated that the definition of the term beauty was both limiting and unattainable, by putting more

Why an online degree is right for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why an online degree is right for me - Essay Example Although I had to take a break from schooling, my life had to go on. I got married and had another child. Life has been simple and happy, but was not free of troubles. However, in the truest sense of our marriage vows of staying together in good times and in bad, my husband and I stuck it out together. We have had a series of unfortunate events in our lives that came one after another. My husband was severely injured in a car accident we were in and was rendered unable to work. He is scheduled for a back operation in October. Likewise, my son was injured in a soccer game that resulted in a broken patella. These accidents and my husband’s unemployment took a toll on our finances that we had to move in with my mother just to survive. We now live in a small town where jobs are very difficult to come by. It sure is a struggle for all of us. This temporary setback in my life has motivated me to work harder to provide a better life for our children. I know a college education is one key to success. I thought of going back to school but the nearest college was one and a half hours away. Aside from the additional cost of transportation expenses, I could not afford to leave my small children on their own for long stretches of time throughout the week. That is when the opportunity of an online college became so attractive for me. I enrolled at Ashford University Online Campus. I have been an excellent student there for a year now. Inspired by my children, I am currently majoring in Early Childhood Education. My overall Grade Point Average is 4.0. I made it to the Dean’s List in the Spring and Summer semesters and being in the top 15% of my class, I have been invited to attend Ashford’s Golden Key Honor Society. Online college has proven to be such a blessing for me! Aside from the overwhelming knowledge and enjoyment of

Hitler Became Chancellor in 1933 Because He Was Leader of the Most Popular Party in Germany Essay Example for Free

Hitler Became Chancellor in 1933 Because He Was Leader of the Most Popular Party in Germany Essay Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany. How far you agree with this opinion? Hitler’s appointment in 1933 cannot be put down to just one factor. There were many influential occurrences leading up to his appointment but overall the Great Depression seems to be the biggest factor as it started a ‘chain reaction’ that overall led to Hitler being Chancellor of Germany. Therefore, despite being the leader of the most popular party in Germany playing a part in Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor it was not solely responsible and was also not the most important factor. An argument that could be used to show that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany is the idea that the Nazis used effective tactics which not only allowed them to gain extreme popularity but also their leader, Adolf Hitler. Essentially, the Nazis clever strategies allowed Hitler to gain recognition. For example, the Nazis were incredibly good at changing their policies to suit their audiences at rallies. The Great Depression was also used to their favour; promoting Hitler as the saviour in their propaganda to incredible effect. Goebbels’ propaganda campaign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis and Hitler. Also, Hitler moved away from violence and realised that the only way he could receive true power was through the Reichstag. The Nazis were able to win over the working and middle classes by using their anti-Jewish propaganda for the working classes and for the middle classes and farmers they focussed on their policies on powerless and honourless Germany, making it great again. No other party focussed more on propaganda than the Nazis; they were masters of propaganda. Their propaganda skills had the ability to change the public’s opinions and views. It encompassed every aspect of Weimar Germany to entice millions of people into following them, their policies ranged from unemployment to the stab in the back myth of Versailles. This increased the appeal of the Nazis and as a result they increased their vote in the Reichstag in the next election of July 1932, increasing their number of seats to 230 and becoming the largest party in the Reichstag. The Nazis used the problems with the economy and the Weimar republic to boost their support; this is evident in the fact that as unemployment got worse, Nazi support increased. Therefore clearly, being the leader of the most popular party did have extreme benefits for Hitler in terms of helping him become Chancellor due to gaining popularity through the party. Having said that, the idea that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany to an extent can be argued to be untrue; as briefly discussed the weaknesses of the Weimar government also played a clear role. More specifically, events happening outside of Germany such as Wall Street Crash; The Great Depression. Germany suffered the consequences due to the collapse of share prices on the New York Stock Exchange more than any other country. US loans and investment ceased and demands quickly followed for the repayment of previous short-term loans. Also, the crisis caused a further decline in the price of food and raw materials as the industrialised nations reduced their imports. As demands for exports collapsed world trade slumped and German industry could no longer pay its way. The argument could therefore be made that without this event the Nazis may not have become the most popular party. After all, the party’s popularity came from anger and bitterness of Weimar. Therefore, people turned towards the extremist political parties. Yet many workers turned to communism but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitler’s campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, making people angry with the Weimar government. Overall, this argument clearly signifies that Hitler’s appointment to become Chancellor was not just down to him being leader of the most popular party in Germany; events outside Germany lead to Weimar failing miserably which also played a clear role. Nazis electoral success in 1932 did to an extent have an impact and therefore, can be used to argue that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany. After all, the elections to the Reichstag in July saw the Nazi percentage of the vote increase to 37. 3 per cent, making it the largest party in the Reichstag. This was a sensational breakthrough. As the largest political group in the Reichstag, they had a mandate from the German people to be involved in the government. Clearly, this indicates that whilst the Nazi party looked increasingly powerful, their leader Hitler did so too; making him more well known throughout the country. This argument is also strengthened by the thought that it is after all, down to being the leader of the Nazis because the moderate parties would not work together despite the fact that together they would be stronger than the Nazis and therefore, weaknesses of other parties contribute to Hitler and the Nazis looking stronger. This strength made Hitler more established as a political figure giving him a clear advantage. However, in comparison to the previous argument another reason for Hitler’s Chancellorship was Von Papen; indicating that Hitler did not become Chancellor just due to being the leader of the most popular party in Germany. After all, the Nazis gained electoral success in 1932 but Hindenburg still refused to make Hitler Chancellor; indicating despite being the leader this did not put Hitler in an advantageous position. Yet, Von Papen had been Chancellor before Hitler and had become close friends with President Hindenburg. This played much to Hitler’s advantage as Papen offered to convince Hindenburg that Hitler was the right choice for the new Chancellor provided Papen could be Vice Chancellor. Von Papen managed to convince Hindenburg, along with various other politicians that Hitler was the best choice. Without Von Papen, Hitler may not have managed to initially become Chancellor or at least not until later than January 1933. This combined with the idea that previous governments were weak and lacked support made a clear sign for that Germany needed change. Hitler was something new and had clearly opposed the idea of a democracy from the start. As the German public started to go against the Republic their support turned to the opposing and completely differing view of Hitler. He was different to the past chancellors such as Von Papen who represented failed governments. He portrayed himself through propaganda and in speeches as a strong and powerful leader who could lead Germany out of this depression and unrest and that’s what the German public needed at the time. After all, Hindenburg had no other alternative but to place Hitler as Chancellor due to the failures of previous governments and Hitler’s growing support from people close to Hindenburg. Also, other conservative elites believed that Hitler was a man that could easily be tamed and kept under control. This gave him an advantage over the Communists, as Hindenburg believed he wouldn’t be able to control the communists if he supported them. This is therefore important in the eventual appointment of Hitler as Chancellor as without the support of the conservative elites, it is debatable as to whether or not Hitler would actually have gained power. Even, when in the July 1932 the NSDAP won 230 seats, becoming the largest party in Germany, Hindenburg did not appoint Hitler Chancellor. Hence, it is hard to imagine why anything would have changed without considerable pressure being mounted on Hindenburg from business. In particular, without the support of von Papen and his supposed ability to control Hitler, Hindenburg would certainly not have been persuaded. Clearly then, these conservative elites had at least some impact in bringing about Hitlers time as Chancellor. Also, the misjudgement of von Papen and Hindenburg in believing that they could control Hitler is crucial in explaining the overall Nazi seizure of power.

History Of The Fiat Strategic On The Market Marketing Essay

History Of The Fiat Strategic On The Market Marketing Essay The intention of this marketing strategy proposal is to examine FIATs current and historical marketing strategies and apply academic models and principles to make recommendations for their future marketing strategy. We will examine what the Agnelli family and its shareholders want to achieve for the company, which direction they are prepared to take the company to achieve their goals, and what techniques they use to evaluate their success. It is important to refer to FIATs long history, to understand some of FIATs marketing strategy options available today, and appreciates that even in this modern constantly changing environment, FIAT understands that it cannot completely lose sight of its underlying principles. History The FIAT brand was started by Gianni Agnelli in 1899 under the name Società   Anonima Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Turin). In the 1920s, utilising the same methods as those employed by Ford, FIAT began mass producing its first four seat automobile, the 509. Post World War II, Italys economy was booming and much of this can be attributed to the automobile industry. FIATs cars and farm machinery production grew rapidly due to the new production facilities that FIAT set up worldwide. In 1967 FIAT released the 124 model, a model that went on to win FIAT its first title of Car of the year  [1]  . FIATs success continued into the mid 1970s when the world experienced the oil crises which began when the Middle East declared an embargo on the U.S. During the 80s and 90s when it was experiencing heavy competition, FIAT promoted itself-lf as an innovative brand proposing avant-garde technological solutions at affordable prices.  [2]  and turned its focus to producing vehicles i n developing markets. Post Millennia Fiat was falling behind with the times and invested into changing its core structure, examining its corporate culture and building a relationship with the customer through quality and design innovations and to symbolise this new start, FIAT changed its traditional round badge to a square more formal badge. Chapter II 2.1. The FIAT BRAND FIAT has changed and developed as a car manufacturer through more than a century of existence. The company has had seven logos, symbolising the different development stages, time, age and current position. FIAT has been selected nine times directly and three times through its subsidiaries as the overall winner of the European Car of the Year award. No other company has received this premier automotive award more times than FIAT. The FIAT brand today has the power to evoke all the stages that have made the history of FIAT and its cars: being close to people, their needs and desires, with concrete answers that are flexible and customised.  [3]   2.2. Why did FIAT need the new start? Once the primero name in the Italian automobile market, due to increasing competition from international manufacturers such as the Japanese, Fiat had been unable to hold on to the number one spot. Historically imported cars were prohibitively expensive as high taxes were levied at customs so most people bought domestic cars, which contributed to the success that Fiat enjoyed for decades. Today these tariffs have been removed and Fiat is losing out to the Asian car producers who have the technological advantage with processing and production.  [4]   FIAT has been struggling and losing business over the past 10 years. A failed collaboration with General Motors (GM) only made this position worse.  [5]   FIAT has concentrated in designing small cars, rather than producing a gamut of models like its peers. The lack of segregation of Fiat model range and the placement of the brand means that its almost unidentifiable in the market. Fiat is predominantly reliant on the home market and concentrates its efforts there. Fiat cars are sold at competitive prices, but it is these low prices that are potentially having a detrimental effect on sales. FIAT cars are considered by many as being of an inferior quality which might very well be the physiological consequence of FIAT targeting a lower price. 2.3. Automotive Industry The automotive industry is one of the largest industries in the world. Although the traditional markets have reached saturation point for the conventional combustion engine (excluding vehicle replacement), emerging markets such as China and India are driving new demand. 2.4. Internal and External Analysis 2.4.1. S.W.O.T. Analysis The Internal analysis of strengths and weaknesses focuses on internal factors that give an organisation certain advantages or disadvantages in the market. 2.4.1.1. Strengths Fiat has a strong historical brand name. Fiat is very good at producing small cars such as the Fiat 500. Fiat has a strong presence of Plants overseas. The senior management of Fiat are open-minded to new technologies and are very good at reviewing different ways to organise the organisation. Fiat has a strong senior management team. 2.4.1.2. Weaknesses Poor economies of scale. Fiat tries to put into operation economies of scale, even though it does not the financial power to sustain them. Fiat is rarely a pioneer in introducing new models for the target market. Fiat has a weak marketing network. Their marketing department does not understand market trends and customers expectations. Meaning that Fiat tries to sell something which is not in line with what the customers wants. Poor product quality. Focus on small car segment which has lower margins. The External analysis of opportunities and threats focuses on external factors that exist in the environment. Both of them exist separately of the firm. 2.4.1.3. Opportunities Emerging markets such as the Chinese market or the Indian market. The Chinese automotive market is one of the most rapidly growing in the world. Fiat wishes to focus on expanding into third world countries, markets believing that they are the only markets where firms can expect growth. With less stringent safety requirements, and people happy to trade off non-essential features for a cheaper car, Fiat does not need to invest in development of new models and features. For example, most lack air-conditioning. In fact, Fiats specialisation in smaller cars puts it at a benefit in those markets. A general trend of reintroducing classic models, or models inspired by classic models to try and take advantage of the prestige on the cachet and cool that they generated the first time around. For example, the Beatle by VW and the Mini by BMW. The technology of fuel cells, and hybrid cars presents new opportunities for the industry, and the environment. Government scrappage schemes that encourage people to purchase new cars with the incentive that their old vehicle will be scrapped in exchange for a generous minimum payment, even when this far outweighs the value of the car. 2.4.1.4. Threats The recent macroeconomic downturn has also affected the demand for automotive products worldwide. Manufacturers have had to resort to widespread sales tactics to stimulate demand. Most automobile manufacturing companies around the world face innovation rivalry from Japanese manufacturers, from high technology, through just-in-time production to extensive warranties. Raw material costs are increasing. In the last decade, North American, Japanese and European markets saw a slow progress in demand. Conversely, strong demand is present in emerging Eastern European and especially in Asian markets. Both developments may stimulate price competition between firms as we approach world over-capacity. Safety standard requirements are increasing which requires more research and development, more testing and other costs associated with compliance with external bodies. 2.4.2. P.E.S.T. ANALYSIS FIAT GROUP This type of analysis is used to determine the external driving factors in the automobile industry which can affect the performance of FIAT and the automobile industry altogether. These encompass political, economical, social and technological factors. 2.4.2.1. Political Factors 2008-2012 According to the Kyoto protocol, all the participating countries including the UK have to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by an average of five per cent over the five-year period. Nearly 200 countries have deposited their ratification paperwork. The most notable country that has not ratified the protocol is the United States of America The recent expansion of the EU between 2004 and 2007 should be taken into consideration, which in May grew from 15 to 27 States, including the following countries; Poland, Slovakia, Malta, Estonia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria. 2.4.2.2. Economic Factors The Chinese automobile market is growing rapidly. In the past decade it has gone from an also ran to the largest producer and market in the world. Recent instabilities in the price of oil have affected the price at the pump. The price swings have been so great that fuel retailers have been unable to smooth out the price using the recognised method of buying exchange traded futures contracts or over-the-counter forward contracts. The general move to hybrid and all electric vehicles is being assisted by penalising conventional combustion engine vehicles by offering discounts on more environmentally friendly models and governments introducing progressive taxes based on carbon dioxide omissions. 2.4.2.3. Social Factors Most world conflicts relate to oil production/transportation (e.g pipelines) or at least involve a country that has a significant oil supply/infrastructure, which adds to the price volatility. The increasing importance of environmental factors and the effect this has on consumers spending should not be ignored. People are gradually becoming less interested in owning a high performance, petrol guzzling car, and would rather drive a more efficient, less polluting green vehicle. This social consciousness of population extends to people who use public transportation, which is well supported in Europe. 2.4.2.4. Technological Factors The demand for oil will outstrip global oil (ASPO, Association for Study of the Peak Oil Land Gas, 2005). Consequently, automobile producers are researching into alternative fuels. For instance, Iceland hopes to be self-contained in energy in another 40 years by using hydrogen fuel cells. 2.4.3 PORTER GENERIC STRATIGIES Porter summarised that there are three main strategies for a successful business model. Cost leadership, differentiation and market segmentation. Companies that pursued moderate market share often suffered the hole in the middle problem, giving them the lowest profit. Fiat Group utilises all three of these strategies, cost leadership through its relatively low cost small cars, differentiation through commercial and agricultural vehicles, aviation, financial services and publishing, and niche markets through its acquisition of Ferrari and Maserati. So one might instantly consider that by covering all three strategies, it runs the risk of spreading itself too thinly and suffering the fate of low profitability. However, Fiat has been careful keeping its different activities separate, allowing each business to focus on its core strategy, so that each one can achieve optimum success. These successful enterprises are then combined at the group level for the purpose of differentiation to make the group more resistant to market shocks. 2.4.3. FIAT FIVE FORCES 2.4.3.1. Competitive rivalry within the industry There is always intense competition between companies in the automobile industry that focus both on the international and national markets. Fiat has pursued advancing itself compared to its competitors through product differentiation, improving quality and implementing producer process innovations. For example, Fiat began to look seriously at outsourcing more contracts and cutting component costs in the 1990s. FIGURE 1: Porters Five Forces for FIAT (Cammarata et al., 2006) In a continuously changing market, there is always a threat of rivalry from overseas. Intense competition from Japan and Korea has rewarded them with piece of Fiats domestic market share. 2.4.3.2. Threat of the new entrants Fiat strategic aim is to expand its portfolio through acquisition. Firms can choose to merge in order to remove barriers to entry in new markets. Nearly all the main automobile companies, for instance, Toyota, Honda, Renault and Nissan acquired separate divisions or merged into a group such as Volkswagen Group and many find themselves in a very complicated cross-ownership network. In addition, Fiat has to be able to manage brand identity to keep away the threat of new entrants to its markets. 2.4.3.3. Threat of the substitute products Although in the strictest sense there is not an equivalent substitute for the car, there are many alternative brands. Fiat is focused on cheaper models, good design and quality. 2.4.3.4. Bargaining Power of Customers Selecting a low price point compared to its competitors reduces the ability that customers have when bargaining over the price. With its range of models and levels of equipment it can find a suitable vehicle to satisfy the customers wallet. 2.4.3.5. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Fiat produces many components in house, or from within the Fiat Group. Fiat has a strong relationship with its outsourced partners. 2.4.4. PRICING STRATEGIES 2.4.4.1. Premium Pricing . The practice of setting a high price for desirable and/or unique products. Fiat Group utilises this strategy for its premium marques such as Ferrari and Maserati as they have a substantial competitive advantage due to their prestige and brand loyalty. 2.4.4.2. Penetration Pricing Here the price is set low initially to encourage take up, and then increased once the popularity rises. The initial low offering may result in losses which will be covered once the price is raised. Fiats pricing strategy is always to be low cost, so there is less scope to reduce prices at launch. Some naysayers might say that its Fiat motor car brand is lower quality than other mainstream produces, so this strategy might not be available to Fiat. 2.4.4.3. Economy Pricing Costs of marketing and manufacture are kept at a minimum to create a product that is available to the masses. Fiat has always had the strategy of penetrating the market by setting consistently low prices, partly due to concentrating on producing small cars and partly due to avoiding competing on quality. Only recently has Fiat started investing more heavily in marketing. 2.4.4.4. Price Skimming Is where a new product is released at a high price point and typically targeted at those that are early adopter and are price insensitive, or need the product at any cost. Having high prices, and more importantly high margins attracts competitors, which drives the price down. In a mature market such as the car market, price skimming is not a viable option except for possibly in the car accessories market e.g. satellite navigation when it was first introduced. Along with the four main pricing strategies, there are other approaches to pricing 2.4.4.5. Psychological Pricing This approach targets the consumers emotional responses, rather than their rational response. One common trick is to select a price point such as  £19,950,  £19,990, or even  £19,999 rather than  £20,000. 2.4.4.6. Product Line Pricing This is where the product is priced based on the benefit relative to other products in its range. Fiat sells its cars based on size and performance which helps the buyer understand the price relative to a, for example, a smaller model with a lower price and a high performance variant with a higher price. 2.4.4.7. Optional Product Pricing Here a basic product is advertised and sold. Optional extras will then be adding to the overall price of the vehicle. Fiat, as well as all car manufacturers create a fully safety compliant vehicle with a standard engine to get people interested in their car. Once the buyer is interested then it is up to the retailer to promote the advantages over performance, styling and functionality of the optional extras 2.4.4.7. Captive Product Pricing Manufacturers will charge a low price initial and recoup its margin through complementary purchases or maintenance. A recent trend in the motor industry is to sell the vehicle at low price but recoup extra money through after service and high costs of parts and labour. To counter this other companies have introduced up to a 7 year warranty. 2.4.4.8. Geographical Pricing Geographical pricing is where there are variations in price around the world. Variations may occur due to shipping costs, local competition, laws and regulations. Most of Fiats vehicles sell to mainland Europe and so have the steering wheel on the left. However in the UK and elsewhere in the world the steering wheel is on the right. In tropical countries cars do not need to be fitted with a heating system, likewise in cold climates air condition need not be fitted. Car manufacturers usually create a basic model to be sold in developing countries 2.4.4.9. Value Pricing In the current recession, people have less disposable income and are more likely to put off large purchases such as a vehicle, hence Fiat has to reduce margins further to present extra value to the customer. 2.4.5. MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is the process of identifying subsets of a market made up of individuals demanding similar products based on attributes such as price, function or style. A true market segment is distinct, homogenous, reacts to stimuli and behaves in the same way to stimulus. Market Segmentation, includes but is not limited to the following bases Geographical continents, countries, town, region Demographical Age, Gender, Social Class, Family Type Psychographic Cultural, Activities, Interests, Opinions, lifestyle, religion Geodemographic a combination of Geographical and Demographical Behavioural usage rate or loyalty Fiat selects models and equips vehicles based on the geographical segment of the market that they are to be sold. For example, in countries with unsealed roads it sells 4 wheel drive models, rather than sports models. In hot countries air conditioning is standard and heating is optional, likewise in cold countries the opposite is true. In South America, cars are modified to run on compressed natural gas, and ethanol fuel is used as an alternative to petrol or diesel Demographically, Fiat aims smaller, economical models at the young, performance cars at 25-45 year old men, estate/hatchback cars at young families and large saloons at senior businessmen and retirees treating themselves to a quality car that will last. Psycho graphically, electric/hybrid models aimed at the environmentally conscious. The redesigned Fiat 500 or other stylish models at trendy young people, who consider themselves a bit different Behaviourally, Appeals to those who have owned a Fiat before. The Fiat 500 is also targeted at nostalgic middle aged people who probably had one, or at least wanted on the first time around, as a second car. 2.4.5.1. Fiats Four Ps Jerome McCarthy proposed the 4 Ps for describing the marketing mix Product Various models, sizes, configurations, equipments standards Price Fiats cost leadership means that its customers pay a low price Place Fiat has a worldwide presence for direct sales and distribution. Promotion How effectively Fiat can market its products through direct and indirect advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. The original four Ps can be extended by a further three Ps for marketing services People: includes employees, management and consumers Process: Procedure, mechanisms and flow of activities Physical Evidence: The environment in which the service is delivered. Both tangible goods that help to communicate and perform the service, and the intangible experience of existing and potential customers 2.4.6. Bowmans clock An expansion of Porters three generic strategies, Bowman compares price against value. The strategies form around the central spoke hence the comparison to a clock. ValuePrice Low Price Medium Price High Price High added value Hybrid. By carefully off-shoring, Fiat can reduce production costs whilst still delivering the same product Differentiation. Investing in exciting new models to build its customer base and brand loyalty Focus Differentiation. Hybrid cars and Electric cars currently have a high price, to recoup the costs involved to bring this high value attribute to the market Mediocre added value Cost Leader. Through low prices, Fiat attempts to be a cost leader Raise Price. High Margins for its premium car brands. There is a possibility of losing sales to competition, but it is unlikely to be price related Low Added Value Fiat retails budget, low specification variants to developing nations Increased Price and Low Value. With the amount of competition in the car industry, this option is not really viable. Selling such a big ticket item, people weigh up the cost vs benefits 2.4.7. Boston Matrix Created by the Boston Consulting group, this chart is used to plot a companies business units to allow a company to make decisions on strategic marketing and brand marketing. Detailed in the chart are 4 specific business units of the Fiat brand. Its important to note that even with low market share and low growth, satisfactory profits are still possible. High market share low High Star question mark / problem child growth of market cash cow dog Low European Car Market Chinese car market South American market Financial services Chapter III 3.1. Direction of Growth 3.1.1. Ansoffs Matrix 3.1.1.1. Market Penetration This theory advocates the strategy that the company markets its existing products to its existing customers. By promoting the product and repositioning the brand the company can gain competitors customers, increase sales to existing customers and gain new customers that are considered part of the existing market but have not yet invested. 3.1.1.2. Market Development This theory advocates the strategy that the company markets its existing products to new customers. The product remains the same although it may be repackaged physically and metaphorically for a new audience. The product may be exported to reach a new international market. FIGURE 2: ANSOFFS MATRIX (Source:http://tutor2u.net/business/presentations/strategy/ansoff/default.html slide3) 3.1.1.3. Product Development This theory advocates the strategy that the company markets new products to its existing customers. The company may develop innovative replacement products, complementary products to existing products, or sell entirely disconnected products to its existing customer base. For FIAT this means updated existing models or replacing them to be marketed to existing customers, or offering complementary products such as car accessories or finance. However, Fiat divested its insurance sector in 2003. Fiat also offers aspirational brands to its existing customers in the form of Maserati and Ferrari. 3.1.1.4. Diversification This theory prescribes the strategy that the company markets new products to new customers. The company diversifies into new markets where it previously had no presence. This diversification takes two forms, related diversification, where the diversification remains in the industry or market where the company is established, or unrelated diversification, where the company enters a new industry in which they have no market experience Fiat diversified itself in the related personal transportation market through its Piaggio motorcycle brand, which in 1999 it sold to Morgan Grenfell Private Equity, through the related, components, metallurgical products, production systems, commercial vehicles, buses and services vehicles, agricultural and construction equipment. It also diversifies itself into less related and unrelated industries through aviation, IT, finance, leisure, publishing, communication and even sponsorship of the Jamaican bobsledding team!  [6]   Chapter IV 4. The Method of Development 4.1. Merger or Acquisition of FIAT Apart from in its home country where FIAT is well received, it cannot rid itself of the perceived and genuine quality issues internationally. To combat this FIAT should consider recommencing its attempted allegiance with General Motors or seek a well known domestic manufacturer with a track record of delivering quality. If neither of these options are viable, FIAT could look to other strategic alliances perhaps with the Japanese, or with a German Manufacturer, highlighting the qualities that these partnerships bring when promoting their vehicles in the UK. Only by pursuing a joint venture or by associating itself with a recognised service provider will FIAT be able to be a contender in Europe. This approach will invariably be a costly one, but if the sincere objective is to increase the market share of the brand, FIAT has to follow this determined approach. Along with the failed allegiance with General Motors, over its history FIAT has had many associations (and attempted associations) with various European producers which have all ultimately failed. The reason for failure is down to two imperative reasons. Firstly any substantial agreement with an external entity would require a considerable shake-up of the production capabilities which would result in a substantial reorganisation for the employees of both parties. Secondly the outcome would change the dynamics of the Agnelli family involvement and control of the company, vastly reducing its impact in the management and running of the company. If FIAT had reached a satisfactory resolution with General Motors the combined business would have been able to win market share from its competitors by leveraging off of the synergies created by the two entities in engine, and component design. The union between the two would have allowed for the Agnelli family to control the implementation of the agreement in the Europe market.  [7]   This united company would surely be a definite force in the emerging markets of Russia, Brazil and other South American countries, particularly with its existing exposure unsurpassed by its Chapter V 5. Conclusion The analysis shows that Fiat is not a well represented and truly desirable universal brand. Its goal, and therefore its marketing effort must be to change consumers attitude and perception of the brand and promote Fiat as being superior to its competitive peers such as Vauxhall and Peugeot. By identifying rivals in the industry such as these, its possible to access relative strengths and weaknesses, similarities and disparities so as to gain an insight into the changes that must occur for the company to be successful in achieving the companys target. Similarities Differences FIAT vs. Vauxhall -Both are targeted as familiar or traditional (associated with practicality over style.) Impersonal sales -Similar notion about prices (but FIAT is considered cheaper) Vauxhall target customers are slightly older FIAT is poor quality while Vauxhall is medium quality Vauxhall is recognised for the full range of car types, FIAT is recognised for its small vehicles FIAT is less popular Fiat vs. Peugeot -Similar notion about prices -Equally reliable Peugeot is considered good quality (well built and comfortable to drive) while FIAT is poor quality. Peugeot is well designed with more has better performance Due to Fiats competitive price strategy, and its position of being a cost leader, it is considered by many as offering an unreliable, low quality alternative to the other majors. However, it is not the actual quality of FIAT cars that is driving this belief, but the customers perception of quality based on their competitive price point. Purchasing a motor vehicle is an expensive investment, and an investment that will reduce in value over time. Buyers use a combination of rational values and emotional elements when making their selection decision. Rational values involves all the costs associated with the vehicle and affordability and the emotional elements involve the selection process of choosing a vehicle or brand that you identify with and which one you would be most happy living with for a number of years. One must consider the Points of Parity and Points of difference when marketing a brand. This table is related to the points of parity and difference of each brand. Points of parity Points of difference FIAT   Traditional, rudeness Leader in cost Vauxhall   Familiar, comfortable, rust Many models (you can choose for different purposes) Peugeot   Comfortable, good design   Sportive design People need to identify with a car, feel that the car represents them. Fiat does not employ a strong enough emotional message to distinguishing it from its competitors, and offset its negative perception and creating desire am

Breach Of Confidentiality: The Legal Implications When You Are Seeking :: essays research papers

Breach of Confidentiality: The Legal Implications When You Are Seeking Therapy Abnormal Psychology 204 November 2, 1996 Breach of Confidentiality: The legal Implications when You are seeking Therapy I. The need for confidentiality in therapy A. Establish trust B. A patients bill of rights Thesis: The duty to warn has created an ethical dilemma for psychological professionals. II. Therapists face a moral problem B. Requirement by law to breach confidentiality C. Exceptions for breaching confidentiality D. Prediction of violence E. Impact on client I. The future outlook for therapy A. Conflicting views between the legal and psychological professions People are afraid to admit to themselves and others that they need to help to resolve their psychological problems. This is due to the social stigma which society attaches to people, when they seek assistance from a mental health professional. Consequently it is very difficult for any person to establish a trusting relationship with their therapist, because they fear, that the therapist might reveal their most personal information and emotions to others. Health professionals therefore created the patients bill of rights to install confidence between clients and therapists. The patient has a right to every consideration of privacy concerning his own medical care program. Case discussion, consultation, examination, and treatment are confidential and should be conducted discreetly. Those not directly involved in his care must have the permission of the patient to be present. The patient has the right to expect that all communications and records pertaining to his care should be treated as confidential. ( Edge, 63 ) This bill of rights enables clients to disclose all personal information without fears. To fully confide in the therapist is essential to the success of the therapy. On the other hand, the therapist is legally obliged to breach this trust when necessary. The duty to warn has created an ethical dilemma for psychological professionals. The duty to warn is based on a court ruling in 1974. Tatiana Tarasoff was killed by Prosenjit Poddar. Prior to the killing Poddar had told his therapist that he would kill Tatiana upon her return from Brazil. The psychologist tried to have Poddar committed, but since the psychiatrist overseeing this case failed to take action, Poddar was never committed nor was Tarasoff warned about Poddars intentions to kill her. This failure resulted in Tatianas death. The Supreme Court therefore ruled that the psychologist had a duty to warn people which could possibly become harmed ( Bourne, 195-196 ). This policy, to warn endangered people, insures that therapists must breach there confidentiality for specific reasons only. These few exceptions are: Harm Principle: "When the practitioner can foresee a danger to an individual who

Foreign Aid Speech

Australia's foreign aid should be reduced Today I'm bringing a serious subject that has Influenced the world and the development of countries around us into perspective. Foreign aid, and how the government should Increase It, but first we have to ask the question, â€Å"What Is foreign aid? ‘ Simply, It Is the economic, or military lad given by one nation to another for purposes of relief and rehabilitation, for economic stabilization, or for mutual defense. The 620 or group of 20 is the premier forum for its members' international economic cooperation and decision making.And their existence is more important than ever because the world's economy is in such a precarious state and so the decisions they make will be vital in the development of poorer countries. A part of this that people may not recognize is that when the economy is weak, the poorest countries suffer the most. $1 dollar can help a hundred people in a poor country more than it can help someone in a rich or develo ped country. Although we have stronger affinity towards our citizens and if money was equally effective we would whose our own citizens first, when it's 100 times more effective in impacting lives, then we think we're all human beings.The suffering of a mother whose child Is sick and might die Is a universal value. And If a dollar has so much Impact then I must ask you, not as a student, but as a fellow human: why are we all still so greedy? If I were to ask you what percentage of the federal budget is spent on foreign aid, would you be surprised that it is 0. 35%? That equates to $5. 44 billion dollars of our IN (gross national income) in 2012. The government expects to reach 0. 5% by 2017, but in recent media, Julie Bishop, the Minister of foreign affairs has implemented a cap of 5 billion dollars over the next two financial years.The promise Australia made with the UN along with many other developed countries, was an agreed 0. 7% of our countries IN. The 2014 Australian budget IS a broken election promise to the world's poorest people. The Abbott Government has torn up its promise to Increase aid. This year's budget, announced two days ago, shows that the Australian government Is cutting rut the most vulnerable members of the communities around the world. Every second we breathe, 30, 000 children under the age of five die from preventable diseases.It is made evident that Australia's contribution to alleviate poverty through overseas aid is successful. The average life expectancy of individuals living in developing countries has increased by approximately twenty years in the last decade, which is substantial in contrast to the figures fifty years ago. Vaunt has reduced the incidence of malaria by 80% with the support of Australian aid. It is a myth that reign aid doesn't work. 79% of Australians, according to the essential report, agree that the Government should reduce spending in foreign aid when 41% don't know what it Is.The ignorance surrounding foreign aid Is what potentates suffering of individuals living In developing countries. Australia Is already providing less foreign aid compared to other developed countries. We are ranked 1 13th. The Abbott Government's abolition of Causal, which manages our tax dollars for overseas aid, Is because they want to see a better alignment between aid, trade and diplomatic erection and aid programs going in another direction† yet there is no evidence for this. Aid vs.. Diplomacy is a false dichotomy.Helping neighboring countries develop strong economies means a better market for our own goods. Helping our neighbors improve their health systems means fewer health threats. Increasing the number of children in our region going to school reduces the opportunity for indoctrination in place of education. The success of our neighbors are good for us. In 2006 and 2007, Australia gave 2. 9 billion dollars through Said and in 2013, 2014, it grew to 5. 44 lion dollars, almost doubling the overseas as sistance.Now, the proportion of aid to IN is back to 2000, 2001 levels under Abbot's government, especially now that foreign aid will grow in line with the Consumer Price Index or inflation rate. With the help of global initiatives, the number of people living in poverty has fallen by 200 million people since 1980 and increasing. Australia shouldn't turn their back on the less fortunate as an affluent country. The children suffering every single day rely on our international aid. The government has slashed the foreign aid budget which asses many problems and places a strain on our relationship with other countries.If Australia works with the countries we're aiding, to redirect foreign aid funds to priorities assets, deregulate their economy and opened up their economy to global trade for economic growth, then the output of foreign aid would be effective in forming a sustainable economy and alleviating poverty. We should raise our Foreign aid budget to the agreed 0. 7% IN. Australia is a generous country, we can afford to provide aid to those in need and grow, not only as a country, but as humans of this earth.

Gender Role Effects in “The Yellow Wallpaper” Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a feminist writer who wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in the 1890’s. During this time period the woman were expected to keep the house clean, care for their children, and listen to their husbands. The men were expected to work a job and be the head of a household. The story narrates a woman’s severe depression which she thinks is linked to the yellow wallpaper. Charlotte Gilman experienced depression in her life and it inspired her to write â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† The short story is based on a woman, not given a name in the text, who is very dependent on her husband. The narrator plays a gender role that is degraded by her successful husband, who is a doctor, because she is a female. John ignores his wife’s accusations with the wallpaper and looks down on the fact that she cannot fulfill her duty as a woman, mother, or wife by treating and calling her childish names. Throughout the whole story the narrator is trying to tell her husband that she gets a weird vibe from the house and that the yellow wallpaper is driving her insane in the bedroom she stays in. The narrator states, â€Å"That spoils my ghostliness, I am afraid, but I don’t care- there is something strange about the house- I can feel it† (677). John ignores this and it angers her. Critic Davison writes, â€Å"With regard to her case, the narrator confides, â€Å"John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him† (56). John tells her that she has a temporary nervous depression and a slight hysterical tendency. He says that she just needs rest, and she will be fine. She feels she cannot do anything about it because he is not only a doctor but her husband, so she just goes on with the days living in the mansion. As a female she is supposed to respect the man of the house and have little say so. Gilman writes, â€Å"My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing† (677). With two of her family members telling her this she feels like an unsuccessful woman. She feels as if John is turning her whole family against her and her emotions. John never listens to anything his wife has to say to him. This is an example of how women feel their opinion or voice never mattered in the 1890’s. The wife goes into great detail describing the wallpaper as if someone was really seeing it in their mind as they read the story. The paint and paper look as if a boy’s school had used it. It is stripped off- the paper- in great patches all around the head of my bed, about as far as I can reach, and in a great place on the other side of the room low down. I never saw a worse paper in my life. One of those sprawling, flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin. It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide- plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard-of contradictions. The color is repellent, almost revolting: a smouldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight. It is a dull yet lurid orange in some places, a sickly sulphur tint in others (678). This description of the wallpaper obviously shows that there is something wrong with her mentally. It also shows the reader how she really feels about it and how it is affecting her, making her go insane. The narrator states, â€Å"It is stripped off- the paper- in great patches all around the head of my bed† (678). This can imply how she feels about her husband and family. They are always telling her nothing is wrong and ignore any thoughts she may have. Maybe she is tired of getting stripped down in a negative way from them such as; being ignored, treated like a child, and being locked up in the bedroom. She states, â€Å"The paper is dull enough to confuse the eye† (678). This description could imply that no one sees the paper the way she does. John might not see the crawling women because he does not have to stare at it all day every day. The description shows the emotions and describes the way the wife really feels about her condition. She uses language such as constantly irritates and provokes study, the uncertain curves commit suicide, it plunges off at outrageous angles, and destroys themselves in unheard- of contradictions suggests that she has dark thoughts of suicide or death (678). The wife’s description of the wallpaper and room which it is in makes it seem like she lives the life of a prisoner unable to escape the yellow wallpaper. The criticism of Wang states, â€Å"The narrator lives a life like a prisoner who is being gazed and observed all the time† (53). The observers of the narrator are her husband and her nurse. This quote implies that she is literally locked up all day in one room suffering from more depression as the days move forward. Another way John puts his wife down as a female is calling her names and acting like she is a baby. John states, â€Å"What is it, little girl?† (682). It is significant that he would call her that because she is his wife and they have a little child together. Gilman writes, â€Å"Then he took me in his arms and called me a blessed little goose, and said he would go down to the cellar, if I wished, and have it whitewashed into the bargain† (679). He acts as if he is controlling of her being her father in a way instead of a husband. He read to her until she got tired and that is what a father would do for his child. The adjective little also adds power to the quote because it suggests that she has no say- so as if she was his child. These words John calls her makes her refer back to her childhood. She was frightened from her childhood and this could add more agitation to her mental sickness. This is ironic because Gilman writes, â€Å"It was a nursery first, and then playroom and gymnasium, I should judge, for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls† (678). All these things imply that she is stuck in a childhood state that she cannot escape to be the wife and mother she wishes to be. The narrator is not mentally able to fulfill the duties a mother was expected to do in the 1890’s. She is unable to watch and take care of her child as a mother. The wife states, â€Å"It is fortunate Mary is so good with the baby†¦Such a dear baby!† (678). Mary is a housekeeper/nurse who watches her and takes care of her child. The narrator states, â€Å"And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me so nervous† (678). This makes her feel as if she failed her role as a female because she was not able to perform the most common trait known to a woman. She is also not able to clean, cook, and keep the house up as a woman is supposed to do. She has to get Mary to do all of this for her. This could be another reason that makes her think something is really wrong with her. She is John’s wife but the things he calls her implies that she is not completing the role of a wife; therefore John treats her like a child. â€Å"They Yellow Wallpaper† is a confusing story with a horror vibe to it. Being a female, the wife feels that she is unable to escape the name calling, the portrayal of a child, and her husband. Her biggest problem is not being able to get away from the wallpaper that causes her great depression. John claims there is nothing wrong with her throughout the whole story because she has no symptoms of any sickness. Her family members even tell her that nothing is wrong and she feels that she cannot do anything for herself. The Yellow Wallpaper is an object the narrator does not escape causing her to go insane, be depressed, and fail at the role of a female during the 1890’s. Charlotte Gilman definitely leaves the reader stumped in the interpretation of the story. Works Cited Davison, Carol M. â€Å"Haunted House/Haunted Heroine: Female Gothic Closets In ‘The Yellow Wallpaper.’† Women’s Studies 33.1 (2004): 47-75. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=3b761a93-ab69-4cb3-9112-2a84a30f9e2f%40sessionmgr4&vid=4&hid=21 Gilman, Charlotte P. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Exploring Literature. Ed. Frank Madden. New York: Pearson, 2009. 676-87. Print. Wang, Lin-lin. â€Å"Freed Or Destroyed:–A Study On ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ From The Perspective Of Foucauldian Panopticism.† US-China Foreign Language 5.3 (2007): 52-57. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=21&sid=3b761a93-ab69-4cb3-9112-2a84a30f9e2f%40sessionmgr4